The First Successful Kidney Transplant - 1875 Words

Pericles once was so wise to say, â€Å"What you leave behind is not what is engraved in stone monuments, but what is woven in the lives of others.† Early attempts at organ transplants stem back throughout history, however, the first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954. Up until then, numerous people died deaths that could have been prevented by a transplant. The need for organs continues to grow as living increases in danger: new diseases emerge and new wars must be fought. Thankfully, this advancement within medicine has allowed for new fields to open up within society, and it has offered hope to those who had given up. Collaboration has never been greater than the teamwork shown throughout the process of organ transplants. â€Å"In†¦show more content†¦Several in society believed that the heart was the source of life and if it was still beating, then the person was still alive. Be as it may, with this new availability of potential organs, it is near ly impossible to refute giving the gift of life to someone in need of them. People are constantly trying to think of new ways to prolong life, defeated death, or simply gain more knowledge about the human body and what it can withstand. â€Å"To early humans, as to all their descendants, the possibility of restoration of lost or mutilated parts of the body was a lively issue.† (Hamilton, Starzl, and Barker, 2012, pp. 1). Organ transplants have a long history full of minor successes and great failures, yet all of the past better paved the way for fortune feats to be conquered. The first blood transfusion that occurred between humans was executed by Dr. James Blundell in 1818, which led to later advances (Foran, 2014, pp. 100). Later, an ABO blood typing system was created by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, and was important first step toward success in the realm of organ transplants (Foran, 2014, pp. 100). There are different types of blood, which is significant due to the fact that each blood type has specific antigens that will attack other blood cells that are not alike. For instance, a person with A blood has antigens thatShow MoreRelatedThe World s First Successful Kidney Transplant1975 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1954, the world’s first successful kidney transplant between two live people took place. 30 years later, kidney transplantation was now common and acceptably safe, and in 1984, the sale of organs was banned through the National Organ Transplant Act, meaning any organ used may only be through donation. Under this act, however, only one person has ever be prosecuted for the brokering illegal organs. In the years since, illegal organ trafficking has sprung up in India, China, the US, Brazil, andRead MoreOrgan Donation and Transplantation 982 Words   |  4 Pagestransforming medical process wherein organs and tissues were removed from a donor and transplant them to a recipient who is very ill from organ failure. It is said that one organ can s ave up to 10 people and may improve the lives of thousands more (Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 2011). Most of the donated organs and tissues came from people who already died but in some cases, a living person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs and some tissues such as skin, boneRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Renal Replacement Therapy1518 Words   |  7 PagesRenal Replacement Therapy (Haemodialysis vs. Kidney Transplant) Kidneys are organs which are located at the back of the abdominal cavity; they are necessary because they filter waste products such as nitrogen from the bloodstream, reabsorb necessary products (e.g. sodium and water) and remove the waste as urea via the ureter. The specific part of the kidney that filters waste products is called the nephron. There are millions of these filters within the kidney tissue, which take blood from the renalRead MoreKaiser Permanente Botches Its Kidney Transplant Center Project928 Words   |  4 PagesKaiser Permanente Botches Its Kidney Transplant Center Project Kaiser Permanente is one of the country’s foremost health maintenance organizations (HMOs), also referred to as integrated managed care organizations. HMOs provide health care that is fulfilled by hospitals, doctors, and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. While Kaiser is a non- profit organization, the company earned $ 34.4 billion in revenues in 2007. Kaiser has approximately 170,000 employees, over 13,000 doctors, andRead MoreAn Effective Treatment of Kidney Failure Essay592 Words   |  3 PagesAn Effective Treatment of Kidney Failure The kidney can fail for many reasons, when it does it leaves the sufferer with an inability to filter out harmful substances in the blood. This leads to a number of symptoms. The first treatment for kidney failure would normally be dialysis, there are two techniques. Haemodialysis cleans blood outside the body by using a pump to pump out the blood and through a dialyser. This filters out the blood via diffusion and pumpsRead MoreRecently, over 90,000 American men, women, and children are waiting for new kidneys. However, only600 Words   |  3 PagesRecently, over 90,000 American men, women, and children are waiting for new kidneys. However, only about 16,500 kidneys were donated for transplant operations to be performed. These show that quite simple high demand and low supplies. According to the Professor Mcnaught’s lecture, the cost of a kidney transplant runs about $250,000 and its bill goes up to $70,000 annually. Dialysis is even becoming more expensive and price-inelastic. To solve this high demand and low supplies situation that causesRead MoreOrgan Donation And The Ethical Implications1441 Words   |  6 Pageswelcome event that can alleviate suffering and pain and in the end save the life of another. The simple decision of becoming an organ donor can save lives and improve the quality of life of the recipient. When an individual is in need of an organ transpl ant, it is typically known that they are in need of an organ that facilitates a restoration of physiological functioning and will often mean the difference between life and death. A vast majority of individuals are apprehensive about what happens toRead MoreEssay on Renal Failure1218 Words   |  5 Pagesor sweating, or poor fluid intake. Other factors could also include weak or irregular blood flow to and from the kidneys because of an obstruction in the renal artery or vein. Intrarenal kidney failure is damage directly to the kidney. Causes include sepsis (the body is overwhelmed by infection and shuts down) multiple myeloma (acute glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the kidneys filtering system) as well as rhabdomyolysis (the body has broken down muscles and these fibers clog the filteringRead MoreThe And Its Effect On Human Life921 Words   |  4 PagesWith recent advances organ transplants have advances dew hope for the treatment of kidney, Liver diseases. However, this promise has been accompanied by several issues. The most common issue has raised its ethical implications in the culture like Muslim world, because in 1983, the Muslim Religious Council disallowed organ donations by supporters of Islam, but it has overturned its position, as long the donor s consent in writing before death.. Transplanted Islam powerfully believes in the principleRead MoreOrgan Donation : A Transplant1141 Words   |  5 PagesServices, 2016, p. 1). The very first successful organ transplant was a kidney transplant performed in 1954. By the late 1960’s they were successfully transplanting livers, hearts and pancreases. Lung and intestinal transplants came shortly after in the 1980’s. At this very second 121,574 people are waiting for an organ and every day 22 people will die while they wait. A single organ donor can save up to 8 lives (HRSA, 2016). The number one reason for an organ transplant is end-stage organ failure which

Essay On The American Dream - 936 Words

The history of immigration in the United states defines the movement of immigrants and migrants to America seeking refugee from poverty, social strife, political turmoil, economic hardships and religious persecution. Starting with the European settlements in the 1600s and many waves of diverse groups of people migrated after thus creating this ideology known as the America Dream which encompasses the opportunity at a better life and growth in all aspects political, economic religious etc. But at what cost what is often forgot is the American nightmare which is included the perverse and horrifying accounts of colonialism, diaspora and slavery. Slaves were not migrants they did not come here on their own volition and were property. This†¦show more content†¦Otermin’s letter was an attempt to justify failure because the governor had lost the entire province and over a century of collected investments in livestock and land. Furthermore, he allowed the defeat of represen tatives of the royal crown by natives. Otermin’s letter also illustrates the state of confusion the Spanish were in during the attack as well as fleeing to save their lives. The second document â€Å"Thomas Phillips a slave trader, describes middle passage 1693 Thomas Phillips describes the journey from Africa to Barbados aboard his slave ship Hannibal. Phillips talks about the slave’s desperate attempts to escape to freedom or revolt against the captain. In his account some of the slaves willfully drowned and starved themselves to death to avoid enduring more abuse degradation. Also, due to the confined space., shacking and grossly poor conditions it lead to white flux caused massive deaths among the slaves. In the Third document â€Å"Moore vs. People Upholds the Fugitive Slavery Acts of 1852 â€Å"depicts a case that was brought up from the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois by a writ of error. The plaintiff was indicted and convicted of† harboring and secreting a slave under the criminal code of Illinois section 149 which states â€Å" if any person shall harbor or secrete any negro, mulatto , orShow MoreRelatedEssay On The American Dream1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream: Is it Only a Dream? From the moment colonists stepped foot on American soil, freedom flowed through their skin. The new country would bring endless opprotunities to anyone who wished to pursue their dreams. Through years of effort, the United States was born and along with it a sense of equality and meaning. Today, America has much to stand for. Although times were rough along the way, the American dream is one of being free and having a voice. America has proven itself to beRead MoreAmerican Dream Essay3358 Words   |  14 PagesTHE AMERICAN DREAM THE AMERICAN DREAM Section #1 a. The impact cultures in North America have on the United States is that each region adapted the traditions and/or beliefs of those who settled in that area by maintaining dance, music, and crafts. Many English settlers did not respect the Native American cultures, and were seen as uncivilized and/or savages. Basically there was a clash of cultures, with new ideas pushing away old ways and mayor cultures oppressing others. b. ImmigrationRead MoreThe American Dream Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesA great dream, The American Dream. Or is it? Is my American Dream the same as your American Dream? Does it help? Or is it harmful? Do you know? â€Å"To achieve wealth, status, business, family, house, and (a) car(s).† That is the modern american dream. That’s is quite different compared to the original American Dream, â€Å"Every person has the opportunity to achieve their own idea of happiness.† Which version is your version? Or maybe your version is different. Have you thought about what different versionsRead MoreEssay on The American Dream1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman, The Great Gatsby, and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Millions of immigrants come to America each year to seek their American Dream. Many people believe that rising social mobility and success is possibleRead MoreEssay On The American Dream1456 Words   |  6 Pagesorder for them to come to the United States and pursue the American Dream. The American Dream has a different meaning for everyone. Many people might think of the American Dream as being able to get a job in order for them to be able to help their family members who they left back in their native country, while for others t he American Dream will be to be able to purchase their first home in the United States, while for others the American Dream might be to have a good job in order for them to pay forRead MoreAmerican Dream Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent issues as they settle in the United States. Although these problems may vary, the message is the same; the American dream is a lot more difficult to achieve than previously thought. Although every immigrant is different in the problems they face while in the country, one problem seems to stand out from the rest. The biggest obstacle for immigrants to overcome to achieve the American dream is in the field of jobs. The biggest problem immigrants face is finding work in which they can support themselvesRead MoreThe American Dream Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is a concept that has circulated around the world and has caused people from other countries, and those who live in America, to come to our nation and take advantage of the opportunities in place to better their lives. The definition of the American Dream, provided by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America (1931), is â€Å"a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†¦It is not a dreamRead MoreThe American Dream Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up, I always thought the â€Å"American Dream† was having a nice suburban house with a husband, a few kids, and a golden retriever. I think of people within the Middle Class had it pretty good because of the nice house and adorable, tightknit family. The drea m has never really changed, and I don’t think what my imagination of it ever will. Something else I think of when thinking about the â€Å"American Dream,† I immediately think about is all the people that come to the United States from all overRead MoreThe American Dream Essay799 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the American Dream? In America, numerous cultures and ethnic backgrounds are present. The American Dream is a subjective phrase, with different meanings for different people. The novels Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer, The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou, portray different definitions of the American Dream. In theory, the American Dream is the thought that through hard work, anyone can achieve their goals in this country. In Into the WildRead MoreEssay On The American Dream1328 Words   |  6 Pagestheir personal needs. But of course, as many other families in America did and still do, they had a dream. The American Dream. Which was to come to America for a better life and provide a better future for their family and the future generations of the family. And I am proud to say that they accomplished that American dream. Because I, as an American who comes from Latino origins am the American dream. My family s past has had a very profound influence on me as a person. Since I was a child, I

Why Discrimination Is Common Among The Racially Different...

Introduction: Discrimination is when an individual is being ridiculed or rejected on the basis of their beliefs or culture. Discrimination is still present in Australian schools and can take place through verbal, written, visual, and emotional. The people who experience discrimination commonly are not often acknowledged by the teacher or counsellor of the school. The risk is that when discriminatory behaviours are permitted to go unchecked in school, an environment develops in the classroom, in which it seems that these actions are considered as normal. The students who have been discriminated against in school are mostly students from different language backgrounds to English. Furthermore, people’s thoughts, beliefs and decisions are often related to being socially accepted by the people around them. Therefore students feel pressured to conform not to work with racially different students in order to be socially accepted in society. The reasons behind discrimination in schools: There are many reasons behind discrimination. These include the following. Racism: Racism is common among the racially different people. According to a book by the Australian government, 2015, ‘Racism is the result of complex attitudes of individuals, social values, and institutional practices. It is expressed in the action of individuals and institutions and it is encouraged in the thought of popular culture. Racism has its roots in the belief that some people are superior because they belong toShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Discrimination And Racial Discrimination1532 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination made its way to planet earth way before it could be documented. Racial discrimination happens all over the world both consciously and unconsciously, destroying lives every day. Racial discrimination can best be described as, when a person is treated less favorably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status. There are many forms of racial discrimination even if we donâ€⠄¢t want to face it. Among the mostRead MorePlessy Vs. Ferguson Required All Facilities1132 Words   |  5 Pagescalled for â€Å"education...to be made available to all on equal terms† (Bickel 458). Since then, the US has declared itself racially integrated. However, looking at the various educational institutions across the country, this is not the case in the majority of the locations. In turn, this has created poorer academic standards among minorities, the majority of which live in these racially segregated and underserved areas. This is an issue which requires immediate action and attention. By increasing fundingRead MorePredjudice and Discrimination as a Part of Our Cognitive Social Being804 Words   |  4 PagesPredjudice and Discrimination as a Part of Our Cognitive Social Being Prejudice and Discrimination are an all to common part of our cognitive social being, but many social psychologists believe that it can be stopped, but only with the help of social conditioning. In this writing I hope to explain and point out some key terms and points made in my assigned chapter. Prejudice refers to a special type of attitude, usually something negative toward any group or ethnicity that is notRead MoreEssay on Equality and Civil Rights1486 Words   |  6 Pages Democracy stresses the equality of all individuals and insists that all men are created equal. Democracy does not persist on an equality of condition for all people or argue that all persons have a right to an equal share of worldly goods. Rather, its concept of equality insists that all are entitled to equality of opportunity and equality before the law. The democratic concept of equality holds that no person should be held back for any such arbitrary reasons as those based on race, color,Read MoreSegregation vs. Integration1387 Words   |  6 PagesSegregation vs. Integration One of the most significant issues which the United States has dealt with for decades is the issue of racial segregation. In a post-Civil Rights era, there is a common tendency to assume that racism is no longer a pressing social concern in America due to the gradual erosion of whiteness. During the late 1800s and much of the 1900s, segregation had been a controversial and divisive issue throughout the country. This issue stemmed from the separation of African AmericansRead MoreAn Argument Against Affirmative Action Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagessome ideal of ‘righteous’ discrimination. The time has come, it seems, that our government and our nation rethink the policies that now appear to be doing more harm than good. Affirmative Action in the United States has become detrimental to social progress through policies of reverse racism by constructing preference in favor of diversity quotas within university admissions and places of employment. Affirmative Action is harmful to society because reverse discrimination should not be used as anRead MoreImmigration Into The United States Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor immigration during the 19th century. Many people came from major parts of the world to America in search of the better economic opportunities while others came in search for better religious purposes and practices, for example, the pilgrims. Before the 19th century, the Americans of European descent decided to move to the west due to the fact that the there was news that there was an available land in the western part of the country. These people moved in groups that were majorly consisting ofRead More1.Ethnic Niche Are Creations Within Industries Or Occupations1362 Words   |  6 Pagesentity that is affected by economic change and restructuring while also being affected by discrimination (Race, Ethnicity, and the American Labor Market: What’s at Work?, p. 5). Basically they are rankings that employ ers make for workers in the same field. Job queues are often impacted by discrimination. For example, it is easier for a white man to find a job than it is for a black man. This is due to discrimination within the job queue. This has to stop in order for African Americans to progress in theRead MoreUrban Dwellers Affected By Race1483 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of different cultures have migrated to rural and urban populations and among those mass migrations there were African Americans. Although immigrants went through hardships such as harsh living conditions and low status, they didn’t have to go through as much trouble as African Americans did. African Americans who moved into the city were not on top of the priority list to most. They were not given the time of day to their needs. Race affected these urban dwellers because of discrimination, livingRead MoreAffirmative Action : How It Impacted The American Society Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pageswith those possibly less qualified simply due to their gender or ethnicity. Throughout history, people have been categorized into different groups. These groupings were based on certain characteristics people shared, whether it was their ethnicity, race, gender, or religion. Society is notorious for distinguishing among different groups and favoring one or two of them. Undoubtedly, this separation of peoples, led to increased tension between various groups. As time progressed, the conflicts intensified

Exploring God s Plan For Life On Earth - 1569 Words

It should be noted that the assignment was to review a book from the list in the Syllabus. The book I chose was listed as having been published by Kregel Academic in 2008. The version I obtained was published by Inter-Varsity Press and purchased as an electronic book via Logos Bible Study. The chapter headings and subsections are all the same, so it is my hope that the rest is as well. There may be some variations in content or structure from the other that I am not aware of. The subtitle is different: Exploring God’s Plan for Life on Earth, so I make those allowances up front. Dr. Desmond Alexander is a well know author of books on biblical theology and is senior lecturer in Biblical Studies at Union Theological College and associate†¦show more content†¦Each chapter has three or more subsections except for his Conclusion. Finally he has included an excellent Select bibliography with 100+/- references and a very extensive Index of Biblical References. Critical Evaluation Chapter 1 is the Introduction and I appreciate the way Alexander guides us into the first portion of his work. It is here he lets us know that the anthology of literature, the Bible is his target source. Within the Bible he notes that there are â€Å"very strong links between Genesis 1–3 and Revelation 20–22 suggest that these passages frame the entire biblical meta-story. Detailed evidence for this will be provided in the chapters that follow.†3 He wants the reader to know that this study is not intended ________________________ 2Alexander, T. D. (2008). From Eden to the New Jerusalem: Exploring God’s Plan for Life on Earth (p. 7). Nottingham, England: Inter-Varsity. 3Ibid. pg. 11 to be an exhaustive one, but rather indicatory, giving us some of the main subjects that are found all through the Bible. Chapter 2, From sacred garden to holy city: experiencing the presence of God, we work our way through about one fourth of the book as Alexander addresses of six subsections that sketch out the theme of God s presence here on earth. The point being that God desires to reclaim the original purpose of His having created Eden and the plan to culminate with the transformation to the NewShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Worlds By H. G. Wells1511 Words   |  7 Pagesimperialism at the time by exploring how the differences between Martians and humans causes a moral disconnect which was an allegory to express the British lack of empathy toward their colonies, how radical ideologies took advantage of that disconnect for their own profit, and why imperialism is morally hypocritical. Martins were able to fight humans so successfully because of their advanced technology. The Martian cavalry units were composed of many â€Å"monstrous tripod[s], higher than many housesRead MoreEssay about Wicca1456 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion. I would like to start off by offering a bit of history on wicca, or the craft. Wicca is a pagan religion, which means that it doesnt acknowledge the Christian concept of God. Generally, wiccans worship more than one god or goddess while also paying reverence to the earth and to nature herself as a source of life and all that we are. It is said that wicca evolved during the days of pre-historic man who developed a strong bond with his surroundings. Early man found a sense of divine powerRead MoreConflicts Of Literature : The Foundation Of The World1425 Words   |  6 PagesConflicts in Literature: To a God Unknown The foundation of the world has been constructed by numerous influences over time with one of the most popular being the Bible. Known as the world s best-selling book, the Bible has influenced many sectors of society including religion, history, language and lifestyles. Despite the book’s evident influences on society throughout history, the studying and teaching of this spiritual book has significantly decreased generation by generation. JohnRead MoreThe Myths Of Ancient Egypt And The Near East1554 Words   |  7 Pagesculture, a reflection of the quo s of society can be seen in the heroes of their myths. Ian Plant in Myth in the Ancient World 2012 Pg. 79 explains that A hero was the central human character in myth...heroes from myth were worshipped by the community... As a community idolises a figure, they often strive to reflect their characteristics in their day-to-day lifestyles, which evolves into their cultural norms. Edith Hamilton, Mythology: Timeless Tal es of Gods and Heroes (New York: Mentor BooksRead MorePersonal Worldview Inventory 1 Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesof my lifetime by many different influences. Many people have made important impact in my life that have changed my beliefs in society and my life. The major two values that help determine my worldview are God and Ethics they are the ways that help me shape my beliefs, and life decisions. I feel the strongest aspect of my worldview is my tremendous sense of spirituality and the relationship I have with God. All of these beliefs help me every day with my decisions. The moral values I have learnedRead MoreThe Death Of Black Americans1273 Words   |  6 Pageswalking home from a convenience store. In â€Å"Skittles for Trayvon: A Diminishing Suite in Verse†, Lillian Bertram paints a vivid depiction of the events leading to and occurring during Trayvon Martin’s death. . All people were created and placed on Earth to serve a specific purpose, be it to teach mankind a lesson, to make a difference in the world, or simply to exist. Death is a harsh reality that waits for all people; it is immutable and unavoidable. It is for certain, though, that the deaths ofRead MoreJewish Culture and Jewish Americans1400 Words   |  6 Pagesfollow. They tend to stick with Judaism. Judaism is when they believe in one God. Jews all over tend to believe that the Messiah (savior) hasn’t appeared yet. They live their life according to the Torah. The Torah is the first five books from the Bible or also known as the Five Books of Moses. Jewish Americans see the Torah as their religious law. They follow this and live life according to the aspects of life they are supposed to live by. There are no specific foods in which Jews eat. HoweverRead MoreSymbolism Between C.S. Lewis ´ The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe and The New Testament in the Bible1627 Words   |  7 PagesVirgin Mary. The character of Edmund, the third child, embodies the next parallel. Edmund is symbolic towards Judas Iscariot because he betrayed Jesus and Jesus (or in this case, Aslan) dies. The white witch, the portrayal of evil, claims Edmunds life saying, â€Å"You at least know the Magic which the Emperor put into Narnia in the very beginning. You know that every traitor belongs to me as my lawful prey and that for every treachery, I have a right to kill† (Lewis 128). Edmund also represents â€Å"everyRead MoreWhy Should We Care?1748 Words   |  7 Pages[reader’s] imagination[s] like [Edgar Allan Poe]† (â€Å"Vampires†). Poe has fascinated the literary world since he first became known for writing in 1829, when he was just twenty years old (Chronology†). While he is widely known for exploring the macabre, his work is controversial because of its psychologically disturbing nature. Edgar Allan Poe is worth examining as an author because his many contributions to the literary world were influenced by specific events in his life, and because he introducedRead MoreExistentialism And The Beliefs Of The Movement1454 Words   |  6 Pagesexistentialism as well as the idea that there is no ultimate purpose or detailed explanation at the root of existence. Since there is no God or any other type of higher power, the only way to counter this nothingness and to find meaning in life is by accepting existence. Resonating with this idea is very easy because it forces people to accept that we know nothing and just to enjoy life for however long we have to live. Some existential themes are dread, boredom, alienation, absurdity, freedom, commitment, and

Chemistry Filtration

Question: Describe about the Chemistry Filtration? Answer: synopses It is common in various process operations to obtain slurry which contain solid articles immersed in a liquid and thus need to be separated. The most common method to ensure the same is to filter the slurry using a filter cloth having a file mesh which results in the solid particles being deposited on the cloth while the liquid would be filtered. In the above process either of the products or both may be useful (Wakeman Tarleton, 2005). Once the solid cake starts depositing on the cloth mesh it results in greater resistance which thus requires higher pressure for forcing the liquid through the mesh. In case a vacuum filter is deployed, the above mentioned problem could be resolved by continuously removing the cake from the cloth but it considerably slows the overall process and results in a loose cake. To counter these loopholes, a higher pressure filtration may be more suitable but it needs a PRESS in which the whole system needs to be constrained and repeatedly opened for removing the solid dense cake (Dickenson, 1997). Introduction Filtration may be defined as the process in which solid matter is separated from the liquid constituents by passing the mixture through a filter which causes the liquid (called filtrate) to pass which retaining the solid on the pores. The filter material has many choices namely unglazed earthenware, sand, asbestos, slag- or glass-wool, cloth or cotton-wool, asbestos or any material which is porous. In case of using filter press, a slurry pump is employed which deploys the pressure drive principle for guiding the overall filtration process and measuring the overall resistance provided both by the solid cake and the filter employed (Tien, 2006). Whenever a filter press is employed, after regular volume the operation needs to be stopped for discharging the solid cake deposited on the filter and then only the next batch can be processed. Skeleton and filter pack are the two prominent components of filter press. The role of the skeleton is to ensure that under the pressure developed in th e filter chamber, the filter pack is held together (Matteson Orr, 1987). However only a specific volume of the cake can be held by the same. Experimental technique: 1st part The first step is to weigh the filter papers. After this the screws are unscrewed for opening the filter. Further to the filter, the filter paper is added after which it is sealed to ensure the filter paper remains there. The filter is then screwed back. Now the pressure is set for conducting the experiment. Further the valves are opened so as to allow the chalk solution to be passed through the filter. At particular heights and points, the volume of the solution needs to be measured along with the time taken to reach these volumes. The valves need to be closed after reaching a particular value. Once such a volume is reached, the filter is unscrewed and the filter paper is dried in an oven. The filter paper need to be weighed after nearly a week to determine the mass of filtrate. For a particular pressure level, the above process needs to be repeated thrice to enhance accuracy. Further the same procedure needs to be carried out for different pressure levels. Part 2 The filter material needs to be made wet and then weighed. The bolt needs to be unwind so as to loosen the filter machine. The filter material is then inserted between four plates after which the bolt is tightened. Then the red valve needs to be closed while the valve 1 is opened. The filter procedure is then conducted for a pre-determined amount of time (for instance 300 seconds). After the time is finished, the chalk solution is stopped by opening the red valve and closing the valve 1. Further on each run, at a particular time the flow rate needs to be measured. For a particular pressure level, the above process needs to be repeated thrice to enhance accuracy. Further the same procedure needs to be carried out for different pressure levels. Discussion: Filtration may be defined as the process in which solid matter is separated from the liquid constituents by passing the mixture through a filter which causes the liquid (called filtrate) to pass which retaining the solid on the pores. The filter becomes effective only when an initial deposit of the solid cake happens on the filter. For experimental purposes, in a laboratory a Buchner funnel is deployed and additionally a vacuum source is deployed so as to suck liquid out of the thin particle layer. However for simpler experiments, the apparatus is much simpler and only a conical funnel containing a filter paper is used for filtering the solution (Sutherland Chase, 2008). For Constant pressure filtration: In case of filtration at constant pressure, there is a decrease in the rate of filtration as the resistance of the filter continues to increase as the solid particles keep on depositing on the filter. This trend is also validated from the results obtained from the experiment. Additionally it is also notices that the resistance provided by the solid cake is directly proportional to the pressure level. Further the cake thickness is directly proportional to the total amount of filtered feed and consequently the filtrate. However, there is an inverse relationship between the cake thickness and the filter area. Further, there is a direct relationship between filtration pressure and filtration time. The slope and resulting intercept can be known from the graph between [v/(t)] and [v(t)]. The constant pressure filtration has certain advantages and disadvantages which are mentioned below (Dickenson, 1997). Advantages Sizable amount of experimental studies have been conducted Procedure is simple and data can be easily recorded Increase in the flow rate when the medium is approached by liquid which results in the filter cake being compressed Disadvantages Consistency is lacking especially when tests are performed by different researchers and hence results need to be revalidated. During the period of medium blocking, there may be issues with maintaining a constant level of pressure on the filter cake. There is a paucity of time for the study of initial filtration period. For plate and frame filter press: The apparatus in this case primarily requires a set of square plates which in order to create compartments are segregated using hollows frames. The plates after being covered with filter medium are stacked in a vertical manner by the use of a screw. There is a projection of the plates along the circumference. After this, the plate and frame portion slurry is introduced. It is apparent from the graph of Filtration volume vs Time (attached in the Appendix) that the filtrate volume encounters a gradual reduction as filtration proceeds. This is primarily because as the layer of the cake formed thickens, the resistance offered to filtration also increases. Further it is apparent from the Filtration pressure vs Time graph that there is a direct relationship between the filtration time and filtration pressure. Further, it is also noted in he experiments that while the outermost frames has the majority of the filter cakes while the cake formation in the middle frames is primarily incomplete. Hence the filtration process throughout the plate is non uniform and thus accounts for experimental error. The experiment determines the relationship between cake thickness, filtration pressure and filtrate volumetofiltration time in a plate and frame filteroperation. It is apparent that there is an inverse relationship between filtrate volumeand filtration time due to which there is a decline in the collection of volume as the process of filtration proceeds (Tarleston,1998). Safety and Errors : The experimental results may be considered theoretically correct till the correlations obtained are the same as determined by theoretical calculations. However during this experiment especially in the first stage certain errors were committed primarily because of lack of enough volume readings and thus the correlations obtained experimentally for certain variables do not match with the theoretically expected relations. In order to ensure experimental accuracy certain anomalous readings were ignored (Tien, 2006). Conclusion It may be concluded from the experiment that the results should be considered acceptable till the time that these are in line with the theoretical framework and obtain all required variables. It was found that there is a direct relationship between the equivalent resistance of the cake filtration and the differential pressure. Due to certain experimental errors, the experimental compressibility factor is on the higher side as compared to the expected value. This cannot be correct since the experimental errors cannot be accurately measured and their source primarily unidentified as to whether it is the commitment of the student or issues of quality of the equipments used in the apparatus. References Dickenson, T.C. 1997. Filters and Filtration Handbook. 4th edn, Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford Matteson, M. Orr, C. 1987. Filtration: Principles and Practices, 2nd edn, CRC Press, New York Sutherland, K.S. Chase, G. 2008. Filters and Filtration Handbook. 5th edn, Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford Tien, C. 2006. Introduction to Cake Filtration, 1st edn, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam Tarleston, E.S. 1998. Predicting the performance of pressure filters, Filtration and Separation, Vol.35, No.2, pp. 293-298 Wakeman, R. Tarleton, S. 2005. Principles of Industrial Filtration, 1st edn, Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford

Trade Facilitation - Services - and Standards Liberalization

Question: Discuss about the Trade Facilitation, Services, and Standards Liberalization. Answer: Introduction: This is a research related journal article involving and experiential investigations on the big economies and sectoral influences of two practices of the local trade treaties and the international trade liberalization in small countries. To do this, the research looks at the effects of complex policies like the impact of trade agreement among countries, the economic corporation contracts and the impacts of full cost liberalization. This will also discuss the importance and the disadvantages of tariff barriers. This is because as much as trade liberalization may provide a lot of benefit to different macroeconomic indicators, like the welfare, trade volumes, and employment; liberalization may also mean removing cost and non-cost obstacles which will provide utmost profits in comparison to additional situations of real output. With regard to this article, trade policies are important for developing countries with regard to trade liberalization. The journal discusses the results of the creation of trade and diversion that focuses on the role of trade partnership and not partnerships country characteristics. This includes relative factor endowments and size, reciprocity, date, coverage of the industry and the liberalization rate which look at the characteristics of the agreement. The article contributes to the literature of globalization in a trade by looking at the tobacco industry. It does not only look at the USTR responsiveness to lobbying from tobacco corporation but also raises concerns about the drivers of globalization and the protection that is afforded to other public health concerns of the tobacco industry on a global scale with regard to trade agreements. The document will also indicate that USTR support of the tobacco industry isnt unconditional, with regard to the wider pressure of the global trade negotiations. The article discusses the importance of investment and trade liberalization and how it can harm or promote public health. In the article, writer discusses how it has contributed, unequally, to the social and economic development of Asia in the most recent decades. The article discusses the importance of preferential trade agreements for most countries. The article looks at the effects of these agreements and how it has attracted a lot of interest. The article also raises questions on whether preferential trade agreements can promote or slow down the multilateral trade liberalization. It seeks answers to whether it is an obstacle or a building block to the multilateral liberalization. The article discusses the benefits of free trade agreement with developed countries and the pacific island countries. It shows that there are more benefits for the regional trade agreements that there are in international trade agreements. This is because the manufacturing sector seems to decline as the production sector increases. In the article the reader will learn more about how free trade works. The articles will also educate the reader on other factors that make free trade work for the developed countries more than in does for the under developed countries. The articles also analyses world economies and discusses several situations that should be looked at as the world economy comes under one hum of trade liberalization. The paper investigates the effects of trade liberalization with the European Union and how it affects the trade balance deficit of CEFTA 2006, (Central European Free Trade Agreement. References Asafu-Adjaye, J., Mahadevan, R. (2012). Regional Trade Agreements versus Global Trade Liberalisation: Implications for a Small Island Developing State. World Economy, 32(3), 509-529. Baker, P., Kay, A., Walls, H. (2014). Trade and investment liberalization and Asia's noncommunicable disease epidemic: a synthesis of data and existing literature. Globalization and health, 19, 66. Kandogan, Y. (2013). Trade Creation and Diversion Effects of Europe's Regional Liberalization Agreements. International Economic Journal, 23(4), 591-615. Kurtovic, S., Talovic, S. (2015). Liberalization of Trade With The EU and Its Impact on The Reduction in CEFTA 2006 Trade Balance Deficit. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 34-38. Limao, N. (2016). Preferential Trade Agreements as Stumbling Blocks for Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Evidence from the United States. The American Economic Review, 96(3), 896-914. MacKenzie, R., Collin, J. (2012). Trade policy, not morals or health policy: The US Trade Representative, tobacco companies, and market liberalization in Thailand. Global Social Policy, 12(2), 149-172. Mahadevan, R., Asafu?Adjaye, J. (2013). Unilateral Liberalisation or Trade Agreements: Which Way Forward for the Pacific? The World Economy, 36(10), 1355-1372. Tarr, D., Jensen, J. (2012). Deep trade policy options for Armenia: The importance of trade facilitation, services, and standards liberalization. Economics - The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 6(1), 1-54.